... parameter, MPa1/2 Specific gravity Density, kg/m3 Subscripts a = Asphaltene API = API gravity light = Light ends meas = Measured o = Oil p = n-alkane precipitant pb = Bubble point res = Reservoir STO = Stock tank oil © BHR Group 18 MPT 2017 5 1. INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW Asphaltene deposition...

... in gel - hi Internal heat transfer coefficient W/m2-K hL , hG Enthalpy for liquid and gas kJ/kg HL Liquid holdup - ka Wax aspect ratio - kc Precipitation coefficient at wax appearance temperature s-1 kM Inner convective mass transfer coefficient m/s kr Wax precipitation rate s-1 © BHR Group 18 MPT 2017...

... of hydrate relative to the condensed phase max - maximum packing fraction with a value of 5/7 © BHR Group 18 MPT 2017 39 2. INTRODUCTION As subsea oil and gas production moves to deeper water, the increasing reservoir and transit pressure and lower seafloor temperature increase the driving force for gas...

... (CMF025 and CMF050). The liquid and gas phases flow through the mixing tee at the inlet section. 56 © BHR Group 18 MPT 2017 Liquid-gas mixture flows through the horizontal loop, which consists of an 18.9-m long and 2-inch ID pipe. Developing region is 13.9-m long (274d). A 50.8-mm ID rubber hose links...

...-in-water. interface upstream oil & gas inclination water phase different pipe inclination water cut velocity fluctuation mixture velocity oil-water flow information velocity profile interfacial wave oil phase pipe inclination velocity vector field flow structure bhr group 18 wc...

... the inner production tubing and the outer well casing, between a gas injector and the production tubing, between coiled tubing (inserted into the well from above) and the production tubing. © BHR Group 18 MPT 2017 87 It is desirable to bring a step change in the scientific knowledge in this field...

... acceleration, m/s2 Hl: Liquid holdup, - : pressure, kPa Re: Reynolds number, - usg: superficial gas velocity, m/s usl: superficial liquid velocity, m/s V: volume, m3 Subscripts g: gas l: liquid TP: mixture T: total © BHR Group 18 MPT 2017 103 1 INTRODUCTION Vertical two-phase flow in large-diameter pipes can...

... of the hydrocarbons to be conveyed from the well. An additional degassing as well as a corresponding © BHR Group 18 MPT 2017 133 expansion of the gases discharged accompanies the pressure reduction. This sets economic limits at a head pressure of 2 - 5 bars due to larger equipment and increased energy cost. The use...

... and subsea fields with high pressure/high temperature or heavy oil reservoirs where high ESP system reliability makes the difference between success or failure on field development. Additionally for such applications, it has become the standard that ESP systems are installed in complex © BHR Group 18 MPT...

... pressure at position p4 below gas inlet of tubing [mbar] TPC Tubing performance curve IPR Inflow performance relation © BHR Group 18 MPT 2017 145 2 INTRODUCTION Liquid loading is the mechanism by which gas flow starts to decrease in wet gas wells due to increased liquid hold-up and liquid back-flow (1...

..., U crit , where the pressure gradient is minimized with respect to the gas flow, is often used to determine the onset of liquid loading. liquid holdup reservoir surveillance dut production control artificial lift system flow rate tno experimental data production logging bhr group 18...

... traditional flow models, the concept adopted is to incorporate more physics into the flow description, rather than to rely directly on correlations. By supplementing the one- Figure 1 The velocity distribution for a three-phase stratified flow, as computed by OLGA HD. © BHR Group 18 MPT 2017 185 dimensional...

... interfacial © BHR Group 18 MPT 2017 199 waves using high-speed imaging and classified them into three groups according to size. Further, the researchers employed Fourier filters to process the images and enable graphical analysis. However, although wavelengths and amplitudes could be reported, the procedure...

... expt experimental l liquid g gas mix mixture i interfacial pred model predicted © BHR Group 18 MPT 2017 209 1 INTRODUCTION Oil and gas production processes commonly involve the simultaneous transport of multiple phases: oil, gas, aqueous, and other phases such as sand and hydrates. Efficient design...

... complex reservoir lf 2 mass flow rate relative error upstream oil & gas production monitoring production logging condensate reservoir operation pipeline prediction field data flow rate pipeline pl1 bhr group 18 pipeline pl3 reservoir surveillance international conference...

... Åsgard Field Centre ÅSC Åsgard Subsea Compression ÅSG Åsgard © BHR Group 18 MPT 2017 243 2 INTRODUCTION 2.1 The Åsgard Field The Åsgard field is located approximately 200 km west of the coast of mid Norway, see Figure 1. It was started up in 1999 and comprises the Smørbukk oil and Midgard gas assets...

... x-axis depict pipe number side inlet distribution device operation functionality reservoir surveillance upstream oil & gas bhr group 18 flow split inlet cooler screening methodology distribution header pipe header droplet liquid pool liquid distribution production control...

...). The surge volumes increased in size with decreasing rates and the water/MEG handling capacity topside defined the minimum flow rate for the flowlines. This minimum flow rate was at © BHR Group 18 MPT 2017 275 relatively high production rates and without counteractions a large amount of gas would be left...

... liquid movement, may be accommodated using large vessels, mitigated through operating procedures which change the system in a more gradual manner, or managed using gas injection or other active or passive slug control systems [1]. upstream oil & gas bhr group 18 correlation pipeline...

... model. A good overview of methods that have been employed is described in [3]. © BHR Group 18 MPT 2017 309 The present study applies the hybrid model as available in the open-source CFD framework OpenFOAM. The model was applied to one of the simplest geometric configurations, which is a vertical pipe...