... data were stored directly. CUrvatures were derived fran displacement data. Top and bottan end tensions were measured using force transducers fitted to the bend stiffener mounting plates. 2.2 computer Models 'lbree different computer models were ~nerated: (i) a steep wave system for 0° 90° and 180...

... plastic flow CONSTRAINED PIPELINE At some distance from the tie-in with riser and expansion loop, all axial displacement of the pipeline is restrained by seabed friction. In this region, provided there is no curvature, all axial strams will be zero Thus all axial strains which would otherwise arise...

... limitation to flexible nser lIfe IS the degradatlOn due to wear and fatigue that may occur in the two contrawound layers of tensile armor under the action of bendmg that results from wave and current action. The degradation occurnng m each bendmg cycle depends upon the maximum of the bend curvature, WIre lay...