... the PIP pipes being modeled individually with realistic interaction between the pipes as PIP being at the normal lay process of S-Lay, J-Lay or Reel-Lay installation. With successful FEA, the load and stress responses of PIP at all installation processes can be calculated in a high level of accuracy...

... depth with an equivalently long pipe, bypassing the offshore industry s step-by-step approach to going deeper from a short pipe. Such a fresh approach with some risk led this R&D to its success. Some of the experiences (among those published) from the deep-ocean tests and research with a long pipe...