... the length of aliphatic chain or the number and type of functional groups on polymer or copolymer (Pedersen,2003; Liu,2015). They both generally interact with wax molecules at low temperature by mechanisms of nucleation, adsorption, co-crystallization and solubilization (Yang,2015; He,2016; Huang,2018...

... hydrate gas hydrate hydrate system molecule experimental study upstream oil & gas gas mixture experimental data carbon dioxide replacement component area concentration methane replacement process methane hydrate calculation concentration chromatogram flow assurance natural...

.... hydrate molecule wellhead extraction gas hydrate hanger subsea system jogmec methane hydrate reservoir production tree commercial exploitation upstream oil & gas hydrate production platform tree cap tree configuration gas hydrate production south china sea flow assurance...

...-stoichiometric structure and form when low molecular weight hydrocarbons known as guest molecules are entrapped in a three-dimensional cage-like structures made of water molecules or host molecules (Fadnes, 1996). Natural gas is composed of molecules including methane, ethane, propane, and carbon dioxide (Sloan...

..., the significant heat exchange during replacement indicated dissociation and reformation of hydrate. INTRODUCTION Gas hydrates are non-stoichiometric inclusion compounds which consist of hydrogen-bonded water molecules (host) and gas molecules (guest) (Sloan and Koh, 2007). Although many structure types of gas...

... to be mainly attributed to the nucleophilicity of the ring compound forming hydrogen bonds between surrounding water molecules. Moreover, it can be speculated that the more energy is required to form the structure II hydrate in the presence of morpholine instead of the structure I CH 4 hydrate with milder...

... relation experimental data experimental result interface modeling & simulation test section flow assurance flow velocity hydrate co 2 coefficient hydrate film thickness liquid co 2 concentration mass concentration molecule equation hydrate formation water flow upstream oil...

..., Korea ABSTRACT Clathrates are crystalline inclusion compounds formed by a physically stable reaction between host and guest molecules. Gas hydrate and hydroquinone (HQ) clathrate are one of the most studied and well- defined clathrate compounds. In this study, guest-free, CO2-loaded, CH4-loaded and CO2...

... clathrate hydrate forming molecules. 600MHz solid-state NMR, Raman spectroscopy were conducted. KEY WORDS: Gas hydrate; sH hydrate former; sII hydrate; NMR; Raman INTRODUCTION Gas hydrates are non-stoichiometric inclusion compound formed by a lattice of water molecules, host , strongly hydrogen bonded...

... the seabed and are mainly structure I (sI) gas hydrates that holds methane gas as a guest molecule. Marine NGH-bearing sediments consist of fine-grained silt, sand, and clay (Clennell, 1999; Henry, 1999). NGH-bearing sand/silt/clay sediments contain pores and, particularly, interlayers in which NGH can exist...

... Chromatography (GC). In the case of sII and sH CH 4 hydrates, we report dual structure transition to sI during swapping phenomena and a cage-specific distribution of guest molecules. A significant change of structure transition due to CO 2 s attack induces the considerable increase of CH 4 recovery rate...

... methane hydrate energy conservation hydrate deposit molecule sediment injection concentration gas mixture Study on Mechanism of Methane Hydrate Replacement by Carbon Dioxide Injection Yutaek Seo 1 ,Wonho Jang 2 , and Seong Pil Kang 1 1Climate Change Technology Research Department, Korea...

... 2 hydrate. diffusion coefficient hydrate particle hydrate formation upstream oil & gas mass balance diffusion model molecule reaction cell storage heat flux gas molecule flow assurance formation rate hydrate film schematic image concentration interface gas hydrate...

... by the drying process, but hole specimens were not recovered to their initial strengths. The results explain that the chemical linkage between water molecules and the phenol bond could recover by the drying process when water absorbed to the honeycomb structure. Moreover, mechanical bond degradation could...

... hydrate layer carbon dioxide hydrate molecule reaction intensity methane hydrate replacement reaction raman spectra flow assurance vibration methane gas conversion upstream oil & gas raman spectroscopy hydrate ABSTRACT In this paper, we present experimental arguments...

... between frozen THF solutions and methane gas, and MAS NMR experiments were used to measure the distribution of the guests over the cage sites. INTRODUCTION Clathrate hydrates are non-stoichiometric crystalline compounds formed when guest molecules of suitable size and shape are incorporated in well...

... of Raman spectra intensities as a function of time at -8.7 deg.C., 1.6MPa is shown in Fig. 5 The peaks at 1285 and 1387cm correspond to vibrations of free CO molecules, and the peaks at 1276 and 1381cm correspond to those of CO molecules as guests existing inside the water cage [7,8]. The peak intensities...

.... Boats, swimming pools and water reservoirs are prone to this phenomenon, with consequences from simple cosmetic damage to structural failure. In marine applications, weight gain is also a problem. composition weight gain immersion coefficient gelcoat molecule glass flake reference...

... and melted molecules away from the hydrate/seawater interface. Work is in progress on the estimation of these properties using molecular simulations. I have also presented a nucleation theory for the kinetics of hydrate formation and growth based on multi-component diffusive interface theory. Theoretical...

.... INTRODUCTION The formation of natural gas hydrates in pipelines and production equipment is a potential problem. correlation function polymer attachment inhibitor pvcap molecule flow assurance hydrate surface hydrate water kinetic inhibitor hydrogen oxygen hydroxyl group stackelberg...