... angle (bridge angle) are varied under fixed flaw angle and flaw length and the crack propagation and coalescence mechanism are studied. Two types of cracks initiate from the tips of the flaws: wing cracks and secondary cracks. Wing cracks, secondary cracks or combination of them produce the coalescence...

... was made of mixing silicasand, ordinary Portland cement type I and water in 72%, 16%, and 12% proportion by weight respectively. construction materials strength outer tip failure surface Bridge Upstream Oil & Gas wing crack specimen secondary crack mechanism Coalescence tensile...