...-Elements (TSR). The big advantage of these elements is that force-oscillation can be reduced to an insignificantly low level and the deformation behavior can be controlled by the use of porous fillings, different types of steel pipes and additional free space. We discuss the results and show the scope...

... deformation tunnel face steel pipe tunnel shotcrete poligon station injection shotcrete thickness ABSTRACT: The main structure of the Poligon station, which is situated on route of Üçyol- Üçkuyular line as part of Izmir subway development works consists of diaphragm wall. Under the diaphragm wall...

... spatial resolution steel pipe ABSTRACT: An observational approach to tunnel design and construction is commonly employed in order to assess excavation driven displacements and to verify the design of temporary support systems utilized to control and minimize surface deformation. The umbrella arch...

... elasticity pipe increase ratio stiffness deformation cylindrical loading test excavation crown settlement steel pipe displacement cylindrical shell theory ground deformation tunnel measurement data rational design method evaluation construction settlement It is of great...

... Laboratory pull-out tests of cable bolts are conducted using specimens of two types of cables made of plain and bulbed strands installed in steel pipes filled with cement grout. In order to investigate the mechanical behaviors of cable bolts and the mechanism of grout bond failure, the pressure...