... Vibratory hammers typically operate at 1400 RPM (or a frequency of 23 Hz), which means a load cycle of approximately 44 ms.At pile length L and stress wave velocity c the typical stress wave period of a pile T pile equals 2*L/c. This means that since the wave propagation speed in steel...

... Abstract As vibratory driving is increasingly used to install offshore foundations, especially for offshore windfarms, an accurate soil model is key to reliable pile driving predictions and thus to improved project planning and execution. During the pile driving, the soil properties, and thus...