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Keywords: HCl
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Journal Articles
SPE Prod & Oper 35 (04): 952–978.
Paper Number: SPE-199291-PA
Published: 12 November 2020
...Luai Alhamad; Ahmed Alrashed; Eiman Al Munif; Jennifer Miskimins Summary Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is the acid of choice for acidizing operations in most carbonate formations, and is the base acid that is commonly paired with hydrofluoric acid (HF) in most sandstone applications. However, high...
Journal Articles
SPE Prod & Oper 34 (01): 109–129.
Paper Number: SPE-191136-PA
Published: 15 June 2018
... with face dissolution. The previous work only considered the pore volume (PV) to breakthrough (PVBT) to match experimental results. Researchers assumed linear kinetics for hydrochloric acid (HCl) carbonate reaction and relied on changing Carman‐Kozeny exponents to match experimental data. Unlike previous...
Journal Articles
SPE Prod & Oper 31 (04): 351–361.
Paper Number: SPE-173734-PA
Published: 13 September 2016
..., the reaction rates of the acid [e.g., hydrochloric acid (HCl)] with the rock often are too rapid at high temperatures, leading to a reduction in acid penetration. Several methods exist to improve the effectiveness of acidizing in high-temperature reservoirs (e.g., greater than 120°C), including the use...
Journal Articles
SPE Prod & Oper 31 (02): 103–119.
Paper Number: SPE-171731-PA
Published: 17 May 2016
... with hydrochloric acid (HCl), gelled acid, and emulsified acid by use of a two-scale-continuum model. By use of this model, the effect of transport and rheological properties of these non-Newtonian acids on the acidization curve and dissolution pattern is analyzed and compared with the available laboratory-scale...
Journal Articles
SPE Prod & Oper 31 (01): 29–46.
Paper Number: SPE-165149-PA
Published: 23 February 2016
... concentrations in all liquid phases of the samples. The effect of several chelating agents on the reaction of VES with Fe(III) was also examined. Experimental results indicate that the apparent viscosity of live VES-1-based acids [20 wt% hydrochloric acid (HCl) and 4 vol% VES-1] increased from approximately 2...
Journal Articles
SPE Prod & Oper 30 (01): 43–51.
Paper Number: SPE-147395-PA
Published: 19 February 2015
...M.A.. A. Mahmoud; H.A.. A. Nasr-El-Din; C.A.. A. de Wolf Summary Illitic sandstone reservoirs are sensitive to hydrochloric-acid (HCl) -based fluids. When HCl contacts illite, it breaks down and causes fines migration and formation damage. The migration of fines through the porous media will block...
Journal Articles
SPE Prod & Oper 28 (02): 145–153.
Paper Number: SPE-136061-PA
Published: 27 March 2013
.... The new clay stabilizer was very effective in mitigating fines migration. Experimental results showed that unlike previous Al/Zr compounds, the new stabilizer was effective even after using several 15 wt% HCl acid washes. In addition, it did not cause formation damage, and worked very well up to 300°F...
Journal Articles
SPE Prod & Oper 27 (03): 318–326.
Paper Number: SPE-140751-PA
Published: 25 April 2012
... (HCl). The study also determined that other factors may affect the real-world dissolution efficiency of the acid: pressure changes, hydrogen sulfide scavenger concentration and type, the ratio of acid volume to scale weight, pre-treatment oxidizer use, and pH values that prevent reprecipitation...
Journal Articles
SPE Prod & Oper 27 (02): 170–184.
Paper Number: SPE-140138-PA
Published: 29 March 2012
... leakoff rate in acid fracturing. The main acid used in this system is hydrochloric acid (HCl). However, high reaction rates and severity of corrosion problems, especially for wells completed with Cr-based tubulars, limit the use of HCl at high temperatures. On the other hand, mixing organic acids with HCl...
Journal Articles
SPE Prod & Oper 25 (03): 367–375.
Paper Number: SPE-121728-PA
Published: 08 July 2010
... neutralized conditions. Concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) solutions produced high concentrations of calcium ion that reduced the viscosity of the in-situ-gelled acid system. Therefore, in-situ-gelled acids that are based on polymers should be used at low HCl concentrations (3 to 5 wt% HCl). Sodium (NaCl...
Journal Articles
SPE Prod & Oper 25 (03): 355–366.
Paper Number: SPE-121716-PA
Published: 11 March 2010
..., internal breakers, or by reducing the concentration of salts and or surfactant through dilution with water. This paper introduces a new type of viscoelastic-amphoteric surfactant (amine oxide). It carries a positive charge in live HCl acids. The effects of acid additives and Fe(III) contamination were...
Journal Articles
SPE Prod & Oper 24 (01): 124–134.
Paper Number: SPE-107687-PA
Published: 26 February 2009
... Oil & Gas drilling fluids and materials drilling fluid formulation carbonate reservoir concentration stimulation drilling fluid chemistry experiment viscoelastic surfactant drilling fluid selection and formulation complex reservoir riser corrosion HCl viscosity application...
Journal Articles
SPE Prod & Oper 24 (01): 43–49.
Paper Number: SPE-105127-PA
Published: 26 February 2009
... downhole intervention Directional Drilling Well Intervention production enhancement Upstream Oil & Gas high-wc well acid system drilling operation water zone enhanced recovery acidizing HCl stimulation acid placement emulsified acid old well stimulation treatment SPE Production...
Journal Articles
SPE Prod & Oper 22 (03): 326–334.
Paper Number: SPE-94124-PA
Published: 19 August 2007
... during flowback. Field application included pickling of low-carbon steel tubing (11,900 ft of 5.5-in. C-95) using coiled tubing. A slug of 5,000 gals of 20 wt% HCl with additives was used. Samples were collected from the treated well during the flowback of the pickling treatment. The model was used...
Journal Articles
SPE Prod & Oper 22 (01): 121–127.
Paper Number: SPE-86504-PA
Published: 20 February 2007
... Dynamics acid system stimulation acidizing Brine flow in porous media HCl experiment wormhole apparatus diversion injection Fredd permeability limestone core elibrary servlet spepreview SDVA intervención de pozos petroleros enhanced recovery dolomite core downhole intervention...
Journal Articles
SPE Prod & Oper 20 (02): 94–105.
Paper Number: SPE-80225-PA
Published: 14 May 2005
... hcl drillstem testing ves-sda treatment reservoir upstream oil & gas diversion fluid flow in porous media surfactant spe international symposium diversion well intervention downhole intervention treatment design stimulation treatment intervención de pozos petroleros hydraulic...
Journal Articles
SPE Prod & Oper 19 (03): 128–134.
Paper Number: SPE-82211-PA
Published: 01 August 2004
...Marten Buijse; Peter de Boer; Bert Breukel; Gerardo Burgos Summary This paper discusses the use of organic acid as a stimulation fluid in carbonate formations. Organic acids, such as acetic or formic acid, have been used for many years as alternatives to HCl because of the retarded reaction rate...
Journal Articles
SPE Prod & Oper 19 (03): 122–127.
Paper Number: SPE-80256-PA
Published: 01 August 2004
...K. C. Taylor; A. H. Al-Ghamdi; H. A. Nasr-El-Din Summary A rotating-disk instrument was used to measure the dissolution rates of both calcite and dolomite rock samples in HCl solutions. The results of more than 60 experiments are reported in this paper. The effect of common acidizing additives...
Journal Articles
SPE Prod & Oper 17 (04): 229–235.
Paper Number: SPE-80289-PA
Published: 01 November 2002
... 2002 1 11 2002 Copyright 2002, Society of Petroleum Engineers efficiency iron sulfide upstream oil & gas riser corrosion aldehyde formaldehyde pipeline corrosion hcl well integrity h2s management materials and corrosion acidizing acid concentration subsurface corrosion...
Journal Articles
SPE Prod & Oper 15 (03): 208–213.
Paper Number: SPE-65355-PA
Published: 01 August 2000
... or damaged formations. At these low rates, plain HCl acid will mostly spend on the formation face and is unable to create wormholes that penetrate deep into the formation. In this paper, results of flow tests are presented that compare the efficiency of emulsified acid with that of plain HCl acid. Several...

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