...) will propagate upstream and downstream, respectively. The slam (or surge) pressure due to instantaneous valve closure is proportional to the reverse flow velocity at closure and can be predicted by Joukowsky’s equation. Three methods have typically been used to predict check valve slam behavior, a dynamic...

... control system be installed. However, installed systems may not be effective when the speed of sound changes with the addition of a lighter gas. Centrifugal compressor piping systems and metering stations operate with gas flow velocities high enough to generate vortices at piping geometry changes...

... allowable flow velocity is 70 ft/s (21 m/s). and the buoy are submerged into the ocean. The most common Nominal hose sizes are usually 16 inch (400 mm), 20 inch buoy configuration is installed in a catenary anchor leg (500 mm), and 24 inch (600 mm) in offshore applications. mooring (CALM) mode...