..., the effect of initial water saturation, surfactant concentration, and surfactant solution salinity on this process were examined by paired cores. Based on the laboratory studies, we conclude: Surfactant flooding by driving process for tight rocks with low permeability (10 −3 md) has good potential...

...% of original oil in place. Here, water flooding is limited due to low permeability and intermediate- to oil-wet nature of the rock. Surfactant flooding is promising in liquid-rich shale reservoirs by changing the wettability, favoring for counter-flow imbibition process, and reducing the residual oil...

... The recovery factor of waterflood operations is constrained by formation geology and pore trapping mechanisms. This is particularly important for unconventional reservoirs such as shale oil with ultra-low permeability and porosity. Surfactant flooding can be used in these reservoirs to reduce...