... operators can take advantage of lower-cost feeds which are not suitable for other uses. A thorough discussion can be found in the next section. materials and corrosion riser corrosion renewable energy double bond material protection responsibility us government well integrity pipeline...

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... the sequence of ferritic steels < austenitic stainless steels < Ni-based alloys. 9 In addition, an increase of 50 °C on temperature increased the thickness of the formed oxide scale by a coefficient up to 4. 9 materials and corrosion renewable energy cr content pipeline corrosion well...

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... improve upgrading efficiency. The application of formic acid led to a less aggressive upgrading environment to the steels. UNS S31603 exhibited a better corrosion resistance under the catalytic HDO process compared to UNS S30400. Introduction Biofuels are renewable energy resources to replace fossil...

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.... Introduction Offshore wind farms are important contributions to the growing need for the generation of renewable energy. The number of offshore wind farms is growing, and multiple projects are under planning and construction around the world. One key element for a profitable and sustainable operation...

... and hydrated oxides can also form scales. 13,14 Some chlorides can also form scales (silver chloride, lead chloride etc), but nitrates do not as metal nitrates are soluble in water. materials and corrosion renewable energy pipeline corrosion riser corrosion surface area contact angle scaling...

..., intermediate iron oxide and an inner layer of iron chromium spinel were found. NiO and Cr-rich oxides that were detected on the surface of Ni-based alloy, serve as protective layers against further corrosion processes. Introduction The drive towards renewable energy, requirement for reduction in fossil...

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... quantitatively assess their corrosion resistance. Low-Ash Low-Moisture (LALM) bio-oil, produced from a forest residue feedstock by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in Golden, CO, was used as a test liquid for electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. Three organic corrodents, formic acid...

... corrosive environments. Introduction Geothermal energy is an excellent source of renewable clean power generation, as well as for heating and cooling. Unlike other renewable energy sources, it is unaffected by local climate conditions. However, the heat exchangers used in geothermal power plants...