Summary

The mechanism of shear failure in rock was investigated by studying over 300 rock slopes in the Rocky Mountains, making laboratory sliding friction tests on rock samples and direct shear tests on simulated rock surfaces, and reviewing the shear strength literature. This paper describes the laboratory shear tests used to provide a theoretical framework for interpreting the shear strength of intact or discontinuous rock having an irregular failure surface. Specimens made of plaster of Paris were cast with irregular surfaces and tested in a specially designed shearing device. Test variables included the inclination, number, and strength of the specimen teeth, and the normal loads applied. The following conclusions were drawn:

  1. failure envelopes for specimens with irregular failure surfaces are curved,

  2. changes in the slope of a failure envelope reflect changes in the mode of failure, and

  3. changes in the mode of failure are related to the physical properties of the irregularities along the failure Surface.

An application of these conclusions was demonstrated by interpreting a series of laboratory shear tests on rock.

Resume

On a etudie le mecanisme de rupture des roches par cisaillement, en observant plus de 300 pentes rocheuses dans les Montagnes Rocheuses, en fa isant, au laboratoire, des essais de frottement sur des eprouvettes de roches et des essais de cisaillement directs sur des modèles de surfaces rocheuses, et en passant en revue la literature sur la resistance au cisaillement. Dans la presente communication, on decrit les essais de cisaillement executes au laboratoire qui ont servi à etablir un cadre theorique permettant l'interpretation de la resistance au cisaillement de roches intactes ou discontinues ayant une surface de rupture irregulière. Dans un dispositif projete expressement à ce but, on a fait des essais de cisaillement sur des echantillons en platre de Paris, moules avec des surfaces irregulières. Les variables de l'essai comprenaient l'inclinaison, le nombre, et la resistance des redents de l'echantillon et les charges normales appliquees, On en a conclu que:

  1. les courbes intrinsèques de rupture des echantillons ayant des surfaces de rupture irregulières ne sont pas droites;

  2. des variations dans l'inclinaison de la courbe intrinsèque traduisent des variations dans le mode de rupture; et

  3. les differents modes de rupture reflètent les caracteristiques physiques des irregularites de la surface de rupture.

On a demontre les conclusions ci-avant, en les appliquant à l'interpretation d'une serie d'essais de cisaillement de roches executes au laboratoire.

Zusammenfassung

Durch Untersuchung von mehr als 300 Felsböschungen in den «Rocky Mountains», Rutschreibungsversuche von Gesteinsproben und direkte Scherversuche von vorgetauschten Gesteinsoberflachen im Labor, sowie Durchsicht der einschlagigen Literatur, wurde der Mechanismus des Felsscherbruches erforscht. Dieses Referat beschreibt die Laborversuche die durchgefuehrt wurden, urn ein theoretisches Gedankengebaude zur Erklarung der Scherfestigkeit ganzen oder diskontinuierlichen Felsens entlang einer unregelmassigen Bruchflache zu schaffen. Es wurden Gipsproben mit unregelmassigen Oberflachen geformt, und in einer speziell entworfenen Schereinrichtung geprueft. Unter anderem, wurde die Abhangigkeit der Ergebnisse von der Neigung, AnzahI und Festigkeit der Probezahne, sowie von der Normallast untersucht. Es wurden folgende Ergebnisse erhalten:

  1. Die Mohrsche Umhuellungskurve fuer Proben mit unregelmassiger Bruchflache ist krummlinig.

  2. Steilheitsanderungen der Mohrschen UmhUlIungskurve zeigen Anderungen der Bruchart an.

  3. Änderungen der Bruchart hangen von den physikalischen Eigenschaften der Unregelmassigkeiten der Bruchflache ab.

Die Erklarung einer Reihe von Laborscherversuchen mit Felsen zeigt eine erfolgreiche Anwendung dieser Schluesse.

Introduction

Previous work by NEWLAND and ALLELY (1957), RIPLEY and LEE(1961), and WITHERS(1964) indicated that irregularities along failure surfaces should play an important role in the determination of shear strength characteristics of rocks. With this in mind, a field and laboratory investigation into the effect of surface irregularities was undertaken. The effects of natural irregularities on the stability of rock slopes were studied on over 300 stable, unstable, and failed slopes in the Rocky Mountains (PATTON,1966). By making corrections for the geometry of the rock discontinuities, the angle of frictional sliding resistance along a relatively flat plane was determined under field conditions. For sandstones and carbonate rocks this angle was found to compare favorably with the angle of residual frictional sliding resistance obtained from laboratory tests on wet, relatively flat, rough-sawn sandstone and carbonate rock surfaces. The field and laboratory study showed that irregularities have an appreciable influence upon the shearing resistance of rock masses. Furthermore, it seemed apparent that different modes of shear failure take place along irregular rock surfaces. A framework that would permit this multiple-mode failure mechanism to be better understood and allow an improved interpretation of the results of shear tests on rock was required. The laboratory tests described in this paper were devised to help provide such a framework.

II. Test specimens

The interpretation of the results of shear tests on real rocks is usual1y complicated by sample variability - even when several samples are taken from the same block of rock.

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